![]()
|
[EXCERPT] Transgendered Victims of Sexual Assault Transgendered people are the targets of the most vicious and blatant forms of violence. They are routinely abused by the police and medical professionals, in addition to being subjected to random street violence and domestic partner abuse. Intimate partners, often appalled to discover the gender transgression, can verbally, psychologically, physically and sexually abuse the person. Statistical research
for violence towards the transgendered population is still in
its infancy. The preliminary data of transgendered and
intersexed individuals gathered by the Gender, Violence
and Resource Access Survey found that 50% of respondents
had been raped or assaulted by a romantic partner (Courvant
and Cook-Daniels, 1998). Eyler and Witten (1999) have began
a longitudinal study of violence against the
transgendered community, and the preliminary data
clearly show physical and sexual violence perpetrated on
those who express cross-gender behavior. Our trans-phobic
bigotry, like racist violence, allows us to falsely
identify the victims of violence as the provacateurs of
violence. As Dallas Denny (1992) says, "Despite the fact
that they are much more often victims of violence than
they are perpetrators, transgendered persons are
frequently portrayed in the media as psychotics and
criminals." Given the virulent violence against
transgendered people by the police this is especially ironic. Terence, is a female-to-male transgendered person of Korean descent. He has lived most of his life as a butch/tomboy identified lesbian, until he began to address his gender dysphoria. He began to transition, identifying as a "bi-gendered" person -- neither male nor female, both male and female. His lesbian partner was resistant to this transition initially, but became increasingly more supportive over time. Terence began taking testosterone injections and his body began to masculinize, however he was not interested in pursuing genital surgery. Terence was walking home from work late one evening, when he was accosted by a group of young hoodlums. Unsure at first "what" Terence was they began to tease him, first as a small guy, but then slowly they began to suspect he wasn't really a "guy." The taunts increased to a racist verbal assault, with increasing hostility at "the woman who was pretending to be a real guy." Terence was beaten and repeatedly raped by these boys, both vaginally and anally. He refused to report the crime or to receive medical help, afraid that the police and medical system would just further abuse him. It is clear from examining the above vignettes, that categorizing Claudia and Terence's experiences as either opposite-sex, or same-sex abuse becomes confusing -- and somewhat irrelevant -- classifications. Both are being targeted because of their transgendered status, and defining the assaults as "heterosexual" or "homosexual" depends on |
the perceptions of transgendered people within a bipolar gendered system. Terence was raped "like" a woman, precisely because he was not a woman. Claudia, also was raped as a woman, in this case because she was not a man. Witten and Eyler (1999) say, "Violence against members of the transgender community shares many similarities with violence stemming from anti-female hatred and anti-homosexual (and other hate crime) attacks. Furthermore, distinguishing the motivation behind a violent attack against a transgendered person is often impossible because of the intersection between misogyny and hatred of other person whose existence undermines perceived male sexual supremacy and the gender dichotomy which is its necessary underpinning… For example, a male-to-female transsexual may concurrently experience physical or sexual assault as a woman (targeted by her assailant because of anti-female hatred) and hate-crime victimization as a (perceived) effeminate, homosexual male, or as a "gender-deviant" person. (p. 6)" Our
societal discomfort with transgenderism, has rendered
transgendered victims of sexual assault, gay-bashing, and
domestic violence without necessary services. Rape Crisis
Centers and domestic violence shelters are unprepared to
address the issues of transgendered people. Medical personnel
respond with judgment and have been known to withhold care to
people they perceive to be cross-dressing. The criminal
justice and the legal systems often re-traumatize victims. The
complexity of issues facing the transgendered person who is
sexual assaulted can only be addressed by broad changes in the
delivery system and extensive education regarding the needs of
this community. Courvant, D.,
& Cook-Daniels, L., (1998). Transgender and intersex
survivors of domestic violence: Defining terms, barriers and
responsibilities. In National Coalition Against Domestic
Violence, Conference Manual, POB 18749 Denver, CO 80218,
-0749; 303-839-1852. [Arlene
(Ari) Istar Lev is a family therapist who specializes in
working with the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered
community. She is in Albany, NY. <istarlev@aol.com> |
![]()