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AS - Aortic Stenosis The aortic valve is narrowed (stenosis).
ASD - Atrial Septal Defect An ASD is a defect in the Atrial Septum. The Atrial Septum separates the left and right Atriums. The defect can be in the central part of the Atrial Septum – ASD Secundum, or in the lower part of the Atrial Septum – ASD Primum.
AV Canal - Atrioventricular Canal Defect Atrioventrical Canal Defect involves both an ASD (atrial septal defect) and a VSD (ventricular septal defect) allowing blood to flow between both the two ventricles, and the two atriums. Also there is a shared valve between the connections of the atriums and the ventricles, instead of two separate valves.
BAV - Bicuspid Aortic Valve A Bicupid Aortic Valve has two flaps that open and close rather than three flaps that a normal Aortic Valve will have.
CCHB - Complete Congenital Heart Block Interruption of the natural pacemaker impulses through scarring or surgical interruption of nerve channels. Results in bradycardia (slow heart beat), almost always requires a mechanical pacemaker implant.
ccTGA - Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries ccTGV - Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Vessels In this congenital heart defect the ventricles are switched so that the left ventricle is now right sided, pumping blood to the lungs, and the right ventricle is left sided and pumps blood out the aorta. In corrected transposition, blood flow is normal however, the ventricles have been switched so that the right atrium connects to a morphologic left ventricle and the left atrium is connected to the morphologic right ventricle. Commonly associated anomalies include ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, heart block and an ebstein like malformation of the tricuspid valve.
CHD - Congenital Heart Disease
CoA - Coarctation of the Aorta A Coarctation of the Aorta is a narrowing of the Aorta. This causes a reduced flow of blood to the lower extremites.
DAA - Double Aortic Arch
DiGeorge Syndrome DiGeorge Syndrome is a complex birth defect that often has a combination of congenital heart defects, anomalies of the great vessels, esophageal atresia (congenital failure of esophageal tube to develop) and abnormalities of facial structures. In most cases there is a chromosomal defect on chromosome 22.
DORV - Double Outlet Right Ventricle Normally, a ventricle has just ONE outlet. For the left ventricle, this is the aorta. For the right ventricle it is the pulmonary artery. In DORV, both of these "outlet" blood vessels - aorta and pulmonary artery -arise from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, either totally or to a great extent.
Ebstein's Anomaly Ebstein's anomaly results from inferior displacement of the tricuspid valve (*septal and posterior leaflets are usually affected*) below its normal annulus into the right ventricle resulting in outflow obstruction and decreased functional right ventricular volume. The portion of the RV proximal to the abnormal valve is incorporated into the RA (an atrialized RV). This creates a functional obstruction to RA emptying with increased RA pressures and RA to LA shunting. Affected patients have associated tricuspid insufficiency (regurge). The amount of cyanosis and age at presentation are inversely proportional to amount of pulmonary blood flow. About 10% of cases are associated with chronic maternal lithium use. Associated cardiac lesions include a right to left shunt (PDA/ASD) and W-P-W syndrome.
ECMO - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ECMO is a technique for pulmonary bypass, used in patients with respiratory failure. Through large bore canulas unoxygenated blood is removed from the body, passed through the ECMO circuit which oxygenates the blood, and then reintroduced into the body through a large bore canula.
Eisenmenger’s Syndrome When large VSDs are uncorrected, the resulting pulmonary hypertension can reverse the shunting of blood across the defect. In other words, the previously "left to right" shunt becomes "right to left." This type of complication is called Eisenmenger's syndrome.
EF - Endocardial Fibroelastosis Abnormal thichening of heart tissue, especially around the valves. Can cause valve failure and sudden death. Often undetected until heart failure occurs.
HCM - Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
HLHS - Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome The left side of the heart, usually the ventricle is small (hypoplastic). The aorta can also be underdeveloped, or small. There can be valve problems associated with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. There are many variations that fall into HLHS.
HRHS - Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome
IAA - Interupted Aortic Arch With Interupted Aortic Arch a part of the Aorta is absent. This causes an obstruction of blood to body. When the ductus closes off the blood pressure to the lower body drops and the infant becomes symptomatic. The normal symptoms include difficulty breathing and poor kidney function.
LVOTO - Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
MAPCA - Major Aorto/Pulmonary Collateral Arterials
MVP - Mitral Valve Proplaspe Failure of the valve leaflets to fully close. In its mild form, very common and requires minimal medical attention. In severe form, usually leads to heart failure and requires surgical repair or replacement of the mitral valve.
Noonan Syndrome Noonan Syndrome may show no obvious signs. However the problems are many and they are very complex. Noonan Syndrome is a genetic condition that affects the heart, growth, blood clotting, mental and physical development.
PA - Pulmonary Atresia Pulmonary Atresia is the complete obstruction of the Pulmonary Artery resulting in total diversion of blood from the right ventricle into the aorta.
PAPVR - Partially Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
PDA - Patent Ductus Arterious PDA is the failure of the Ductus to close. The Ductus of an infant ussually closes within the first two weeks after birth. The Ductus is a connection between the Pulmonary Artery and the Aorta that is no longer need after birth.
PS - Pulmonary Stenosis The pulmonary valve is narrowed (stenosis).
RVOTO - Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction
SS - Subaortic Stenosis With Subaortic Stenosis the narrowing or stenosis is below the aortic valve.
SV - Single Ventricle
SVAS - Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis
TA - Tricuspid Atresia With TA there is no connection between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The right ventricle can be underdeveloped, or small (hypoplastic).
TA - Truncus Arteriosis Truncus Arteriosis is a complex malformation where only one artery arises from the heart to form both the aorta and the pulmonary artery. Early surgical intervention is required
TAPVD - Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage TAPVR - Total anomalous pulmonary venous return The Pulmonary Veins, which carry blood back to the heart after it has circulated through the lungs, are not connected to the left atrium. Instead they are connected to one of the veins from the main circulation so that the blood returning from the lungs drains back to the right side of the heart.
TGA - Transposition of the Great Arteries TGV - Transposition of the Great Vessels Transposition of the Great Arteries/Vessels is when the Aorta is connected to the right ventricle, and the Pulmonary Artery is connected to the left ventricle. (transposed)
TOF - Tetralogy of Fallot Tetrology of Fallot involves a number of CHD’s. There is ussually a combintion of Pulmonary Stenosis with a VSD and Right Ventricle Hypertrophy.
VSD - Ventricular Septal Defect VSD is the most common heart defect. Referred to as a hole in the heart, it is a hole or connection between the left and right ventricles.
Williams Syndrome Williams Syndrome is a very complex birth defect that can have some of all of the following defects. Characteristic facial appearance, Heart and blood vessel problems, Hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium levels), Low birth-weight / low weight gain, Feeding problems, Irritability (colic during infancy), Dental abnormalities, Kidney abnormalities, Hernias, Hyperacusis (sensitive hearing), Musculoskeletal problems, Overly friendly (excessively social) personality, Developmental delay, learning disabilities and attention deficit.
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